Skip to content The Complete Guide to the Origin of Taekwondo
Taekwondo has transformed from an ancient practice used by the warriors of Korea into a popular martial art practiced worldwide. The origin of Taekwondo is just as important as the techniques themselves. Taekwondo is a traditional martial art derived from Korean martial arts like Taekkyon. This article explores the early roots of Taekwondo, its evolution through Korean history, and its establishment as a modern martial art. Starting from its beginning in ancient Korean dynasties to its rightful place as an Olympic sport, let’s explore Taekwondo!
Taekwondo’s Early History in Korean Martial Arts
The history of Taekwondo can be seen in ancient Korean martial arts in early Korean societies. Some of these martial arts date back as far as the 10th century. Various forms of combat, such as Ssireum, a wrestling style; Subak, a standing martial art; and Tae Kyon (Taekkyon), were all practiced by foot soldiers. These Korean martial arts were deeply embedded in their way of life. Beyond combat uses, these arts were also featured during community festivities and served as education for physical development.
During the Goguryeo dynasty era, engagement with martial arts practices was a part of everyday life. This wide variety of ancient martial arts ranged from unarmed combat to equestrian skills. Subak and Taekkyon are two martial arts from ancient Korea that have had the most influence on Taekwondo. The documentation of Subak persisting up until the Joseon dynasty illustrates how far back Taekwondo’s history extends within Korea’s past. Some claim that Taekwondo might also have links to some ancient Chinese martial arts too. However, the ancient Korean martial art that really resembled Taekwondo was Tae Kyon or Taekkyon. This is a kicking-based martial art that is often seen as the ancient form of Taekwondo.
As eras passed, pivotal developments in Korean martial arts occurred, which contributed to shaping modern-day Taekwondo. Refinement led Tae Kyon to evolve and take on techniques from other Korean martial arts, eventually taking on attributes more aligned with sports competition styles. This historical progression is documented in official publications distributed between 1980 and 1995 under the endorsement of the World Taekwondo Federation, an international body governing the sport of Taekwondo.
Influence Under Foreign Rule
Despite its deep roots and cultural significance, Taekwondo faced a significant challenge during the Japanese occupation (1910–1945). Korean martial arts were banned, forcing practitioners to continue their traditions in secret. The resilience of these martial artists ensured that the flame of Korean martial arts traditions remained lit, even during these dark times.
Following the March First Uprising in 1919, martial arts were partially reintroduced in public schools, providing some cover for the continued secret practice. However, during the Japanese occupation, Asian martial arts were often associated with marginalized groups, such as peddlers and gangsters, within Korean society. This period shows the resilience of the Korean people and how they were determined to uphold martial arts traditions even during the toughest times.
Unification of Kwans: The Naming of Taekwondo
Following the Second World War in 1945, Korea’s sovereignty was re-established, and Taekwondo entered a new era on the Korean Peninsula. In Korea’s newly liberated state, five principal martial arts academies known as ‘kwans’ came to prominence. Each kwan presented its own unique approach and ideology.
- Chung Do Kwan
- Moo Duk Kwan
- Chang Moo Kwan
- Ji Do Kwan
- Song Moo Kwan
These Kwans all practiced different styles of Korean martial arts, which were similar to Taekwondo. In an effort to harmonize these varied kwans, after the Korean War, the formation of the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was pivotal in bringing together upwards of 40 different schools into nine key kwans. This was a crucial step in unifying Taekwondo, or Tae Kwon, and a significant advancement in making it a cohesive martial art.
International Taekwon-Do Federation and World Taekwondo Federation
Taekwondo is governed by two central organizations: the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) and the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF). Founded at different times with ITF preceding WTF, both governing bodies have been crucial in establishing uniformity across this martial art worldwide.
The International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) and the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) are distinguished by their distinct philosophies and teaching methodologies. The ITF emphasizes traditional elements and self-defense techniques, while the WTF is known for its sport-oriented approach, allowing full-contact sparring and knockouts. These differences reflect the unique identities and practices of each federation; however, the WTF guidelines are commonly practiced when competing in Olympic Taekwondo and Taekwondo competitions.
Despite these variations causing the multifaceted nature of Taekwondo instruction, these organizations have a shared dedication to preserving the values of Taekwondo, such as physical skillfulness, mental fortitude, and moral behavior. These attributes are promoted in Taekwondo, whether training under ITF or WTF guidelines. In simple terms, the ITF guidelines are used to teach Taekwondo as a martial arts practice, whereas the WTF guidelines are practiced for sporting competitions.
Taekwondo as an Olympic Sport
Taekwondo made its first appearance on the international scene in 1988, when it made an appearance as a demonstration sport at the Seoul Summer Olympics in South Korea. Its appeal continued to grow after it was presented again as a demonstration sport at the Barcelona Summer Olympics in 1992.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially granted Taekwondo status as an Olympic sport in 1994. By the time of the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000, Taekwondo had achieved recognition as a full-medal sport. This confirmed its place in one of the largest sporting events in the world, the Olympic Games.
At both the World Taekwondo Championships and within the context of the Olympic Games, athletes compete across eight taekwondo events, which are evenly distributed between male and female competitors. Both male and female divisions have four distinct weight categories.
This inclusion of both men’s and women’s programs and a range of weight divisions has led to more practitioners having access to the Olympic program. It has not only heightened Taekwondo’s worldwide profile but also solidified its stature among other globally recognized martial arts disciplines.
Taekwondo Today: A Global Phenomenon
Currently, Taekwondo is an international sensation that boasts over 70 million followers across 200 nations, establishing it as one of the globally leading disciplines within the martial arts community. As early as 2018, figures indicated that upwards of eight million people had achieved black belt status in Taekwondo.
Taekwondo has transcended traditional venues, such as dojangs and competitive arenas, to hold a prominent position in worldwide popular culture. Its influence extends through films, video games, and books across the globe. Its mainstream appeal shows its cultural impact and has likely led even more people to take up the martial art. Taekwondo unites individuals from various backgrounds, and it has become a truly global sport and martial arts practice.
Summary
Taekwondo originated from the ancient Korean martial arts and has flourished into an international sensation that displays the endurance of Korean culture. Its development has been influenced by various historical milestones and societal transformations.
Although Taekwondo has successfully entered the modern age, it consistently honors its foundational principles, promoting its core values like courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-discipline, and an indomitable spirit.
With an impressive community exceeding 70 million practitioners globally, it promotes discipline and respect while enabling individual growth and strengthening collective bonds. The rich tradition of Taekwondo serves as a source of inspiration, connecting individuals around the globe through its unique martial arts practice.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the early roots of Taekwondo?
The origins of Taekwondo are deeply embedded in traditional Korean martial arts, including ssireum, subak, and Tae Kyon. These practices have a long history that is recorded in historic documents and spans several centuries.
Although the direct link to Taekwondo is debated, both Subak and Taekyon are often credited with establishing the early roots.
How did the Hwarang warriors influence the philosophy of Taekwondo?
The philosophy of modern Taekwondo was deeply influenced by the Hwarang warriors, who placed great importance on values such as courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-control, and an indomitable spirit.
These core principles laid the philosophical foundation upon which contemporary Taekwondo is built.
How did the Japanese occupation impact Korean martial arts?
During the Japanese occupation, a prohibition was imposed on Korean martial arts. Secret training and the safeguarding of martial arts guidebooks ensured that these age-old practices were maintained.
What are the differences between the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) and the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF)?
The International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) distinguishes itself from the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) by focusing on traditional elements and prioritizing techniques for self-defense, which highlights both technical and philosophical disparities between their teachings.
The ITF is responsible for the traditional martial arts side of Taekwondo, while the WTF deals with the sports side and competitions.
How popular is Taekwondo today?
With a global following exceeding 70 million enthusiasts, Taekwondo is easily one of the most widely practiced martial arts in the world today.
